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<h1>N4JS Design Specification</h1>
<div class="details">
<span id="author" class="author">2019-08-08 13:15:33 CEST</span><br>
<span id="revnumber">version 0.9</span>
</div>
<div id="toc" class="toc2">
<div id="toctitle">Table of Contents</div>
<ul class="sectlevel1">
<li><a href="introduction.html#_introduction">1. Introduction</a>
<ul class="sectlevel2">
<li><a href="introduction.html#notation">1.1. Notation</a></li>
<li><a href="introduction.html#sec:IDE_Overview">1.2. IDE Components</a>
<ul class="sectlevel3">
<li><a href="introduction.html#sec:Naming_Conventions">1.2.1. Naming Conventions</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><a href="eclipse_setup.html#_eclipse-setup">2. Eclipse Setup</a>
<ul class="sectlevel2">
<li><a href="eclipse_setup.html#_system-requirements">2.1. System Requirements</a></li>
<li><a href="eclipse_setup.html#_contribute">2.2. Contribute</a>
<ul class="sectlevel3">
<li><a href="eclipse_setup.html#_eclipse-installer">2.2.1. Eclipse Installer</a>
<ul class="sectlevel4">
<li><a href="eclipse_setup.html#_changing-the-setup-script">2.2.1.1. Changing the Setup Script</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><a href="eclipse_setup.html#_manual-ide-configuration">2.2.2. Manual IDE Configuration</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><a href="release_engineering.html#_release-engineering">3. Release Engineering</a>
<ul class="sectlevel2">
<li><a href="release_engineering.html#_nightly-build-on-eclipse-infrastructure">3.1. Nightly build on Eclipse infrastructure</a></li>
<li><a href="release_engineering.html#_build-the-n4js-ide-from-command-line">3.2. Build the N4JS IDE from command line</a>
<ul class="sectlevel3">
<li><a href="release_engineering.html#_publish-maven-tooling-code-org-eclipse-n4js-releng-util-code">3.2.1. Publish maven-tooling <code>org.eclipse.n4js.releng.util</code></a></li>
<li><a href="release_engineering.html#sec:test-verdaccio">3.2.2. Test Verdaccio containing n4js-libs</a></li>
<li><a href="release_engineering.html#_generation-of-eclipse-help-for-spec-and-design-document">3.2.3. Generation of Eclipse help for spec and design document</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><a href="release_engineering.html#_updating-frameworks-and-dependencies">3.3. Updating frameworks and dependencies</a>
<ul class="sectlevel3">
<li><a href="release_engineering.html#_update-of-eclipse-emf-xtext-etc">3.3.1. Update of Eclipse, EMF, Xtext, etc.</a></li>
<li><a href="release_engineering.html#_update-of-the-embedded-jre">3.3.2. Update of the embedded JRE</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><a href="tips_and_tricks.html#_tips-and-tricks">4. Tips and Tricks</a>
<ul class="sectlevel2">
<li><a href="tips_and_tricks.html#_naming">4.1. Naming</a></li>
<li><a href="tips_and_tricks.html#_logging">4.2. Logging</a></li>
<li><a href="tips_and_tricks.html#_cancellation-handling">4.3. Cancellation Handling</a></li>
<li><a href="tips_and_tricks.html#_caching">4.4. Caching</a></li>
<li><a href="tips_and_tricks.html#_dependency-injection">4.5. Dependency Injection</a></li>
<li><a href="tips_and_tricks.html#_miscellaneous">4.6. Miscellaneous</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><a href="parser.html#_parser">5. Parser</a>
<ul class="sectlevel2">
<li><a href="parser.html#sec:Parser_Overview">5.1. Overview</a></li>
<li><a href="parser.html#sec:N4JS_Parser">5.2. N4JS Parser</a></li>
<li><a href="parser.html#sec:Parser_Generation_Post_Processing">5.3. Parser Generation Post-Processing</a>
<ul class="sectlevel3">
<li><a href="parser.html#sec:Automatic_Semicolon_Insertion">5.3.1. Automatic Semicolon Insertion</a>
<ul class="sectlevel4">
<li><a href="parser.html#sec:Injected_code_in_the_Antlr_grammar_file">5.3.1.1. Injected code in the Antlr grammar file</a></li>
<li><a href="parser.html#sec:Customized_error_recovery">5.3.1.2. Customized error recovery</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><a href="parser.html#sec:_No_line_terminator_allowed_here__handling">5.3.2. Async and <code>No line terminator allowed here</code> Handling</a></li>
<li><a href="parser.html#sec:Regular_Expression">5.3.3. Regular Expression</a></li>
<li><a href="parser.html#sec:Unicode">5.3.4. Unicode</a></li>
<li><a href="parser.html#sec:Literals">5.3.5. Literals</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><a href="parser.html#sec:Modifiers">5.4. Modifiers</a></li>
<li><a href="parser.html#sec:Conflict_Resolutions">5.5. Conflict Resolutions</a>
<ul class="sectlevel3">
<li><a href="parser.html#sec:Reserved_Keywords_vs__Identifier_Names">5.5.1. Reserved Keywords vs. Identifier Names</a></li>
<li><a href="parser.html#sec:Operators_and_Generics">5.5.2. Operators and Generics</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><a href="parser.html#sec:Content_Assist_Parser">5.6. Content-Assist Parser</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><a href="type_system.html#_type-system">6. Type System</a>
<ul class="sectlevel2">
<li><a href="type_system.html#sec:Type_Model_and_Grammar">6.1. Type Model and Grammar</a>
<ul class="sectlevel3">
<li><a href="type_system.html#sec:Type_Model_Overview">6.1.1. Type Model Overview</a></li>
<li><a href="type_system.html#sec:Built_in_Types">6.1.2. Built-in and Primitive Types</a></li>
<li><a href="type_system.html#sec:Type_Model_DSL">6.1.3. Type Model DSL</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><a href="type_system.html#sec:Type_System_Implementation">6.2. Type System Implementation</a></li>
<li><a href="type_system.html#sec:Type_Inference_combined_with_AST_Traversal">6.3. Type Inference of AST</a>
<ul class="sectlevel3">
<li><a href="type_system.html#sec:Type_Inference_combined_with_AST_Traversal__Background">6.3.1. Background</a></li>
<li><a href="type_system.html#sec:Triggering_Type_Inference_of_AST">6.3.2. Triggering</a></li>
<li><a href="type_system.html#sec:Traversal_Order_During_Type_Inference_of_AST">6.3.3. Traversal Order</a></li>
<li><a href="type_system.html#sec:Cross_References_During_Type_Inference_of_AST">6.3.4. Cross-References</a></li>
<li><a href="type_system.html#sec:Function_Accessor_Bodies_During_Type_Inference_of_AST">6.3.5. Function/Accessor Bodies</a></li>
<li><a href="type_system.html#sec:Poly_Expressions_During_Type_Inference_of_AST">6.3.6. Poly Expressions</a></li>
<li><a href="type_system.html#sec:Constraint_Solver_used_During_Type_Inference_of_AST">6.3.7. Constraint Solver</a></li>
<li><a href="type_system.html#sec:Type_Guards_During_Type_Inference_of_AST">6.3.8. Type Guards</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><a href="type_system.html#sec:Structural_Typing">6.4. Structural Typing</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><a href="type_index.html#_type-index">7. Type Index</a>
<ul class="sectlevel2">
<li><a href="type_index.html#sec:Type_Index_Design_Rationale">7.1. Design Rationale</a>
<ul class="sectlevel3">
<li><a href="type_index.html#sec:Getting_the_Xtext_Index_Content_IResourceDescriptions">7.1.1. Getting the Xtext Index (<code>IResourceDescriptions</code>) Content</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><a href="type_index.html#sec:Design_Overview">7.2. Design Overview</a></li>
<li><a href="type_index.html#sec:N4JS_Resource_Load_States">7.3. N4JS Resource Load States</a></li>
<li><a href="type_index.html#sec:Type_Builder">7.4. Types Builder</a>
<ul class="sectlevel3">
<li><a href="type_index.html#sec:Type_Inference_not_allowed_in_Type_Builder">7.4.1. Type Inference not allowed in Types Builder</a></li>
<li><a href="type_index.html#sec:ComputedTypeReferences">7.4.2. Deferred Type References</a></li>
<li><a href="type_index.html#sec:Use_cases_of_ComputedTypeRef">7.4.3. Use cases of DeferredTypeRef</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><a href="type_index.html#sec:Incremental_Builder_Overview">7.5. Incremental Builder (Overview)</a>
<ul class="sectlevel3">
<li><a href="type_index.html#sec:Incremental_Builder_Overview__XtextBuilder">7.5.1. XtextBuilder</a></li>
<li><a href="type_index.html#sec:Incremental_Builder_Overview__IBuilderState">7.5.2. IBuilderState</a>
<ul class="sectlevel4">
<li><a href="type_index.html#copy-and-update-xtext-index">7.5.2.1. Copy and Update Xtext Index</a></li>
<li><a href="type_index.html#build-state-setup-phase">7.5.2.2. Build State Setup Phase</a></li>
<li><a href="type_index.html#process-queued-uris">7.5.2.3. Process Queued URIs</a></li>
<li><a href="type_index.html#queueing-affected-resources">7.5.2.4. Queueing Affected Resources</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><a href="type_index.html#sec:Incremental_Builder_Overview__Example">7.5.3. Example</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><a href="type_index.html#dirty-state-handling">7.6. Dirty state handling</a>
<ul class="sectlevel3">
<li><a href="type_index.html#use-case-restoring-types-from-user-data">7.6.1. Use case: Restoring types from user data</a></li>
<li><a href="type_index.html#use-case-updating-the-xtext-index">7.6.2. Use case: Updating the Xtext index</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><a href="project_model.html#_project-model">8. Project Model</a>
<ul class="sectlevel2">
<li><a href="project_model.html#sec:Package_json">8.1. Package.json File</a></li>
<li><a href="project_model.html#_accessing-project-information">8.2. Accessing Project Information</a>
<ul class="sectlevel3">
<li><a href="project_model.html#sec:IN4JSCore">8.2.1. IN4JSCore</a></li>
<li><a href="project_model.html#sec:N4JSModel">8.2.2. N4JSModel</a></li>
<li><a href="project_model.html#sec:N4JSWorkspace">8.2.3. N4JSWorkspace</a></li>
<li><a href="project_model.html#sec:N4JSProject">8.2.4. N4JSProject</a></li>
<li><a href="project_model.html#sec:SourceContainer">8.2.5. SourceContainer</a></li>
<li><a href="project_model.html#sec:N4JSProjectsStateHelper">8.2.6. N4JSProjectsStateHelper</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><a href="project_model.html#sec:Caching">8.3. Caching</a>
<ul class="sectlevel3">
<li><a href="project_model.html#_caching-of-externallibraryworkspace">8.3.1. Caching of ExternalLibraryWorkspace</a></li>
<li><a href="project_model.html#_caching-of-n4jsprojectsstatehelper">8.3.2. Caching of N4JSProjectsStateHelper</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><a href="project_model.html#sec:WildcardPathFilter">8.4. WildcardPathFilter</a></li>
<li><a href="project_model.html#sec:ProjectUtils">8.5. ProjectUtils</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><a href="binding.html#_binding">9. Binding</a>
<ul class="sectlevel2">
<li><a href="binding.html#sec:Binding_Design_Rationale">9.1. Design Rationale</a></li>
<li><a href="binding.html#sec:Binding_to_Members">9.2. Binding to Members</a></li>
<li><a href="binding.html#sec:Binding_Getter_Setter">9.3. Getter / Setter Binding</a></li>
<li><a href="binding.html#chap:Statics">9.4. Static Member Binding</a></li>
<li><a href="binding.html#sec:Binding_Enumeration">9.5. Enumeration Literals Binding</a></li>
<li><a href="binding.html#sec:Accessibility_of_types_and_members">9.6. Accessibility of types and members</a></li>
<li><a href="binding.html#sec:Member_Scope_Example">9.7. Member Scope Example</a></li>
<li><a href="binding.html#sec:Scoping_for_Members_of_Composed_Type_Explained">9.8. Scoping for Members of Composed Type (Union/Intersection) Example</a></li>
<li><a href="binding.html#sec:Binding_of_Structurally_References_Types">9.9. Structurally References Types</a></li>
<li><a href="binding.html#sec:Building">9.10. Building</a>
<ul class="sectlevel3">
<li><a href="binding.html#sec:Build_Phases">9.10.1. Build Phases</a></li>
<li><a href="binding.html#sec:Build_Scenarios">9.10.2. Build Scenarios</a></li>
<li><a href="binding.html#sec:Lazy_linking_problem">9.10.3. Lazy linking problem</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><a href="binding.html#sec:Proxies_and_Proxy_Resolution">9.11. Proxies and Proxy Resolution (Overview)</a>
<ul class="sectlevel3">
<li><a href="binding.html#xtexts-lazy-linking-proxies">9.11.1. Xtext’s Lazy Linking Proxies</a></li>
<li><a href="binding.html#standard-emf-proxies">9.11.2. Standard EMF Proxies</a></li>
<li><a href="binding.html#_how-is-proxy-resolution-triggered">9.11.3. How is Proxy Resolution Triggered?</a></li>
<li><a href="binding.html#_when-is-proxy-resolution-allowed">9.11.4. When is Proxy Resolution Allowed?</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><a href="validation.html#_validation">10. Validation</a>
<ul class="sectlevel2">
<li><a href="validation.html#sec:validation_overview">10.1. Validation overview</a></li>
<li><a href="validation.html#sec:validation_control_flow">10.2. Validation control flow</a></li>
<li><a href="validation.html#sec:validation_issue_ids">10.3. Issue IDs and Messages</a></li>
<li><a href="validation.html#sec:validation_usage_patterns">10.4. Usage Pattern</a></li>
<li><a href="validation.html#sec:validation_links">10.5. Links</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><a href="references.html#_references">11. References</a>
<ul class="sectlevel2">
<li><a href="references.html#sec:usecases">11.1. Use cases</a></li>
<li><a href="references.html#sec:calculation_algorithm">11.2. Calculation algorithm</a>
<ul class="sectlevel3">
<li><a href="references.html#sec:Xtext_default_implementation">11.2.1. Xtext default implementation</a></li>
<li><a href="references.html#sec:N4_implementation">11.2.2. N4JS implementation</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><a href="references.html#sec:PerformanceOfDependencyCalculation">11.3. Performance Of Dependency Calculation</a></li>
<li><a href="references.html#sec:kinds_of_references">11.4. Kinds of references</a>
<ul class="sectlevel3">
<li><a href="references.html#sec:Cross_References_to_be_ignored">11.4.1. Cross References to be ignored</a></li>
<li><a href="references.html#sec:Cross_References_to_be_handled">11.4.2. Cross References to be handled</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><a href="references.html#sec:transitive_dependencies">11.5. Transitive dependencies</a></li>
<li><a href="references.html#sec:find-references">11.6. Find references</a>
<ul class="sectlevel3">
<li><a href="references.html#_background">11.6.1. Background</a></li>
<li><a href="references.html#_how-find-references-work">11.6.2. How Find References Work</a>
<ul class="sectlevel4">
<li><a href="references.html#_step-1-convert-cursor-position-to-declared-element">11.6.2.1. Step 1: Convert Cursor Position to Declared Element</a></li>
<li><a href="references.html#_step-2-convert-declared-element-to-target-uris">11.6.2.2. Step 2: Convert Declared Element to Target URIs</a></li>
<li><a href="references.html#_step-3-filter-potential-resources">11.6.2.3. Step 3: Filter Potential Resources</a></li>
<li><a href="references.html#_step-4-search-references-in-resource">11.6.2.4. Step 4: Search References in Resource</a></li>
<li><a href="references.html#_limitations-and-possible-enhancements">11.6.2.5. Limitations and Possible Enhancements</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><a href="compilation.html#_compilation">12. Compilation</a>
<ul class="sectlevel2">
<li><a href="compilation.html#chap:compilation">12.1. Introduction</a>
<ul class="sectlevel3">
<li><a href="compilation.html#sec:general_design_rationals">12.1.1. General design rationals</a>
<ul class="sectlevel4">
<li><a href="compilation.html#sec:logging_and_error_reporting">12.1.1.1. Logging and error reporting</a></li>
<li><a href="compilation.html#sec:progress_monitor">12.1.1.2. Progress monitor</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><a href="compilation.html#sec:Xtext_Integration">12.1.2. Xtext Integration</a>
<ul class="sectlevel4">
<li><a href="compilation.html#sec:xtext_default_behaviour">12.1.2.1. Xtext default behaviour</a></li>
<li><a href="compilation.html#sec:n4js_requirements">12.1.2.2. N4JS requirements</a></li>
<li><a href="compilation.html#sec:compiler_discovery_in_ui">12.1.2.3. Compiler discovery in UI</a></li>
<li><a href="compilation.html#sec:compiler_discovery_in_headless">12.1.2.4. Compiler discovery in headless</a></li>
<li><a href="compilation.html#sec:general_generator_implementation">12.1.2.5. General generator implementation</a></li>
<li><a href="compilation.html#sec:general_generator_activation">12.1.2.6. General generator activation</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><a href="compilation.html#sec:Overview_of_Input_Models">12.1.3. Overview of the Input Models</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><a href="compilation.html#sec:Core_Generator">12.2. Generators</a>
<ul class="sectlevel3">
<li><a href="compilation.html#sec:Compiler_Components">12.2.1. Generator Components</a></li>
<li><a href="compilation.html#sec:Generator_architecture">12.2.2. Generator architecture</a></li>
<li><a href="compilation.html#sec:Unified_Compiler_Configuration">12.2.3. Unified Compiler Configuration</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><a href="compilation.html#sec:Transpilers">12.3. Transpilers</a>
<ul class="sectlevel3">
<li><a href="compilation.html#sec:Phases">12.3.1. Overview</a></li>
<li><a href="compilation.html#relation-between-ast-and-im">12.3.2. Relation between AST and IM</a></li>
<li><a href="compilation.html#implementation-overview">12.3.3. Implementation Overview</a></li>
<li><a href="compilation.html#sec:Guidelines_for_Implementing_Transformations">12.3.4. Guidelines for Implementing Transformations</a></li>
<li><a href="compilation.html#symbol-table-in-the-im">12.3.5. Symbol Table in the IM</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><a href="compilation.html#sec:N4JS_to_EcmaScript_Transpiler">12.4. N4JS-to-EcmaScript Transpiler</a>
<ul class="sectlevel3">
<li><a href="compilation.html#sec:Overview_of_Transformations">12.4.1. Overview of Transformations</a></li>
<li><a href="compilation.html#sec:Transpiling_members">12.4.2. Transpiling members</a>
<ul class="sectlevel4">
<li><a href="compilation.html#sec:Transpiling_members__Delegating_members">12.4.2.1. Techniques for special member handling</a></li>
<li><a href="compilation.html#sec:Transpiling_members__Partial_shadowing_of_getter_setter_pairs">12.4.2.2. Partial shadowing</a></li>
<li><a href="compilation.html#sec:Transpiling_members__Consuming_or_inheriting_members_of_an_interface">12.4.2.3. Consuming or inheriting members of an interface</a></li>
<li><a href="compilation.html#sec:Transpiling_members__Static_polyfill">12.4.2.4. Static polyfill</a></li>
<li><a href="compilation.html#sec:Transpiling_members__API_implementation_stubs">12.4.2.5. API / implementation stubs</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><a href="compilation.html#sec:Support_for_incomplete_API_implementation_testing_in_the_N4JS_to_EcmaScript_5_Transpiler">12.4.3. Support for incomplete API implementation testing</a>
<ul class="sectlevel4">
<li><a href="compilation.html#sec:Modifications_in_Impl_projects">12.4.3.1. Modifications in Impl projects</a></li>
<li><a href="compilation.html#sec:Implementation_of_stub_generation">12.4.3.2. Implementation of stub-generation</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><a href="compilation.html#sec:n4jsc_Headless_Compiler_Interface">12.5. n4jsc Headless Compiler Interface</a>
<ul class="sectlevel3">
<li><a href="compilation.html#sec:building_the_headless_compiler">12.5.1. building the headless compiler</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><a href="execution.html#_execution">13. Execution</a>
<ul class="sectlevel2">
<li><a href="execution.html#sec:N4JS_Project_Execution_And_Linking_Model">13.1. N4JS Project Execution And Linking Model</a>
<ul class="sectlevel3">
<li><a href="execution.html#subsec:N4JS_Execution_With_NodeJS">13.1.1. N4JS Execution With NodeJS</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><a href="execution.html#sec:N4JS_Execution_And_Linking_File">13.2. N4JS Execution And Linking File</a>
<ul class="sectlevel3">
<li><a href="execution.html#subsec:NodeJS_Specific_ELF">13.2.1. NodeJS Specific ELF</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><a href="execution.html#sec:Runners-execution">13.3. Runners</a>
<ul class="sectlevel3">
<li><a href="execution.html#subsec:N4_Runtime_Environments_Convention">13.3.1. N4 Runtime Environments Convention</a></li>
<li><a href="execution.html#subsec:Passing_Information_from_IDE_to_Execution_Code_in_Runtime_Environment">13.3.2. Passing Information from IDE to Execution Code in Runtime Environment</a></li>
<li><a href="execution.html#subsec:Runners_Design">13.3.3. Runners Design</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><a href="execution.html#sec:Legacy_Execution_Engine">13.4. Legacy Execution Engine</a></li>
<li><a href="execution.html#sec:Design">13.5. Design</a>
<ul class="sectlevel3">
<li><a href="execution.html#sec:Usage_Outside_N4JSIDE">13.5.1. Usage Outside N4JSIDE</a>
<ul class="sectlevel4">
<li><a href="execution.html#sec:Use_Node_with_Maven">13.5.1.1. Use Node with Maven</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><a href="execution.html#sec:Usage_Inside_N4JSIDE">13.5.2. Usage Inside N4JSIDE</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><a href="execution.html#sec:Runtime_Injection">13.6. Runtime Injection</a>
<ul class="sectlevel3">
<li><a href="execution.html#sec:Running_String_Code">13.6.1. Running String Code</a></li>
<li><a href="execution.html#sec:Running_File_Code">13.6.2. Running File Code</a></li>
<li><a href="execution.html#sec:Injection_Code_Example">13.6.3. Injection Code Example</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><a href="tests.html#_tests">14. Tests</a>
<ul class="sectlevel2">
<li><a href="tests.html#sec:Performance_Tests">14.1. Performance Tests</a>
<ul class="sectlevel3">
<li><a href="tests.html#sec:Synthetic_Performance_Tests">14.1.1. Synthetic Performance Tests</a>
<ul class="sectlevel4">
<li><a href="tests.html#sec:Design_of_Generator">14.1.1.1. Design of Generator</a></li>
<li><a href="tests.html#sec:Design_of_Performance_Test_Execution">14.1.1.2. Design of Performance Test Configuration and Execution</a></li>
<li><a href="tests.html#sec:JUnit_Configuration">14.1.1.3. JUnit Configuration</a></li>
<li><a href="tests.html#sec:JUnitBenchmark_Test_Configuration">14.1.1.4. JUnitBenchmark Test Configuration</a></li>
<li><a href="tests.html#sec:JUnitBenchmark_Report_Configuration">14.1.1.5. JUnitBenchmark Report Configuration</a></li>
<li><a href="tests.html#sec:JUnitBenchmark_Run_Configuration">14.1.1.6. JUnitBenchmark Run Configuration</a></li>
<li><a href="tests.html#sec:JUnitBenchmark_Example">14.1.1.7. JUnitBenchmark Example</a></li>
<li><a href="tests.html#sec:Note_on_Jenkins_Job">14.1.1.8. Note on Jenkins Job</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><a href="tests.html#sec:ECMA_Tests">14.2. ECMA Tests</a>
<ul class="sectlevel3">
<li><a href="tests.html#sec:Grammar_Tests">14.2.1. Grammar Tests</a>
<ul class="sectlevel4">
<li><a href="tests.html#sec:Negative_Tests">14.2.1.1. Negative Tests</a></li>
<li><a href="tests.html#sec:Test_Exclusion">14.2.1.2. Test Exclusion</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><a href="tests.html#sec:Integration_Tests">14.3. Integration Tests</a></li>
<li><a href="tests.html#sec:Test_Helpers">14.4. Test Helpers</a>
<ul class="sectlevel3">
<li><a href="tests.html#sec:Parameterized_N4JS_Tests">14.4.1. Parameterized N4JS tests</a>
<ul class="sectlevel4">
<li><a href="tests.html#sec:ParameterizedXtextRunner">14.4.1.1. ParameterizedXtextRunner</a></li>
<li><a href="tests.html#sec:TestCodeProvider">14.4.1.2. TestCodeProvider</a></li>
<li><a href="tests.html#sec:Example_Of_Parameterized_Parser_Test">14.4.1.3. Example of parameterized parser test</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><a href="tests.html#sec:Issue_Suppression">14.5. Issue Suppression</a></li>
<li><a href="tests.html#sec:Xpect_Tests">14.6. Xpect Tests</a>
<ul class="sectlevel3">
<li><a href="tests.html#sec:Xpect_Test_Setup">14.6.1. Xpect Test Setup</a></li>
<li><a href="tests.html#sec:Xpect_Issue_Suppression">14.6.2. Xpect Issue Suppression</a></li>
<li><a href="tests.html#sec:Xpect_Provided_Test_Methods">14.6.3. Xpect Provided Test Methods</a>
<ul class="sectlevel4">
<li><a href="tests.html#errors">14.6.3.1. errors</a></li>
<li><a href="tests.html#warnings">14.6.3.2. warnings</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><a href="tests.html#sec:N4JS_Specific_Xpect_Test_Methods">14.6.4. N4JS Specific Xpect Test Methods</a>
<ul class="sectlevel4">
<li><a href="tests.html#sec:XPECT_noerrors">14.6.4.1. noerrors and nowarnings</a></li>
<li><a href="tests.html#sec:XPECT_scope">14.6.4.2. scope</a></li>
<li><a href="tests.html#sec:XPECT_scopeWithPosition">14.6.4.3. scopeWithPosition</a></li>
<li><a href="tests.html#sec:XPECT_scopeWithResource">14.6.4.4. scopeWithResource</a></li>
<li><a href="tests.html#sec:XPECT_binding">14.6.4.5. binding</a></li>
<li><a href="tests.html#sec:XPECT_linkedPathname">14.6.4.6. linkedPathname</a></li>
<li><a href="tests.html#sec:XPECT_type_of">14.6.4.7. type of</a></li>
<li><a href="tests.html#sec:XPECT_expectedType">14.6.4.8. expectedType</a></li>
<li><a href="tests.html#sec:XPECT_elementKeyword">14.6.4.9. elementKeyword</a></li>
<li><a href="tests.html#sec:XPECT_accessModifier">14.6.4.10. accessModifier</a></li>
<li><a href="tests.html#sec:XPECT_compileResult">14.6.4.11. compileResult</a></li>
<li><a href="tests.html#sec:XPECT_output">14.6.4.12. output</a></li>
<li><a href="tests.html#sec:XPECT_outputRegEx">14.6.4.13. outputRegEx</a></li>
<li><a href="tests.html#sec:XPECT_calculatedAccessModifier">14.6.4.14. calculatedAccessModifier</a></li>
<li><a href="tests.html#sec:XPECT_spec">14.6.4.15. spec</a></li>
<li><a href="tests.html#sec:XPECT_deadCode">14.6.4.16. deadCode</a></li>
<li><a href="tests.html#sec:XPECT_returnOrThrows">14.6.4.17. returnOrThrows</a></li>
<li><a href="tests.html#sec:XPECT_lint">14.6.4.18. lint</a></li>
<li><a href="tests.html#sec:XPECT_lintFails">14.6.4.19. lintFails</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><a href="tests.html#sec:FIXME_Xpect_modifier">14.6.5. FIXME Xpect modifier</a></li>
<li><a href="tests.html#sec:Expectmatrix_Xpect_Test_Methods">14.6.6. Expectmatrix Xpect tests</a></li>
<li><a href="tests.html#xpect-lint-tests">14.6.7. Xpect Lint Tests</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><a href="tests.html#xpect-proposal-tests">14.7. Xpect Proposal Tests</a>
<ul class="sectlevel3">
<li><a href="tests.html#sec:Validation_vs__Non_Validation">14.7.1. Validation vs. Non-Validation</a></li>
<li><a href="tests.html#sec:General_Proposal_Test_Features">14.7.2. General Proposal Test Features</a>
<ul class="sectlevel4">
<li><a href="tests.html#sec:Test_Variables">14.7.2.1. Test Variables</a></li>
<li><a href="tests.html#sec:Location_and_Selection">14.7.2.2. at – Location and Selection</a></li>
<li><a href="tests.html#sec:Multi_Line_Expectations_in_Proposal_Tests">14.7.2.3. Multi Line Expectations in Proposal Tests</a></li>
<li><a href="tests.html#sec:Timeout">14.7.2.4. Timeout and Performance</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><a href="tests.html#proposals-verify-existence-of-proposals">14.7.3. proposals – Verify Existence of Proposals</a></li>
<li><a href="tests.html#sec:Verify_displayed_string">14.7.4. display – Verify displayed string</a></li>
<li><a href="tests.html#sec:Apply_Proposal">14.7.5. apply – Apply Proposal</a>
<ul class="sectlevel4">
<li><a href="tests.html#resource-application-in-other-files">14.7.5.1. resource – application in other files</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><a href="tests.html#sec:Content_Assist_Cycling">14.7.6. kind – Content Assist Cycling</a></li>
<li><a href="tests.html#fileValidVerify-validation-status">14.7.7. fileValid – Verify validation status</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><a href="tests.html#sec:Apply_Proposal_And_Execute_Tests">14.8. Apply Proposal And Execute Tests</a></li>
<li><a href="tests.html#sec:Organize_Imports_Test">14.9. Organize Imports Test</a>
<ul class="sectlevel3">
<li><a href="tests.html#organizeimports">14.9.1. organizeImports</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><a href="tests.html#sec:Access_Control_Test">14.10. Access Control Test</a>
<ul class="sectlevel3">
<li><a href="tests.html#test-scenarios">14.10.1. Test Scenarios</a></li>
<li><a href="tests.html#n4js-code-generator">14.10.2. N4JS Code Generator</a></li>
<li><a href="tests.html#xtext-issue-matcher">14.10.3. Xtext Issue Matcher</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><a href="tests.html#sec:Smoke_Tests">14.11. Smoke Tests</a>
<ul class="sectlevel3">
<li><a href="tests.html#how-to-handle-smoke-test-errors">14.11.1. How to handle smoke test errors?</a></li>
<li><a href="tests.html#smoketester-and-exceptionanalyzer">14.11.2. SmokeTester and ExceptionAnalyzer</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><a href="tests.html#sec:UI_Tests_with_SWTBot">14.12. UI Tests with SWTBot</a>
<ul class="sectlevel3">
<li><a href="tests.html#writing-swtbot-tests">14.12.1. Writing SWTBot Tests</a></li>
<li><a href="tests.html#running-swtbot-tests">14.12.2. Running SWTBot Tests</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><a href="tests.html#sec:Debugging_UI_Tests">14.13. Debugging UI Tests</a>
<ul class="sectlevel3">
<li><a href="tests.html#sec:Connecting_to_the_X_server_on_the_build_node">14.13.1. Connecting to the X-server on the build-node</a></li>
<li><a href="tests.html#sec:Tools_to_investigate_the_java_stack">14.13.2. Tools to investigate the java-stack</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><a href="ui_concepts.html#_ui-concepts">15. UI Concepts</a>
<ul class="sectlevel2">
<li><a href="ui_concepts.html#sec:User_Interface_Concepts">15.1. User Interface Concepts</a>
<ul class="sectlevel3">
<li><a href="ui_concepts.html#sec:Eclipse_UI_Concepts">15.1.1. Eclipse UI Concepts</a>
<ul class="sectlevel4">
<li><a href="ui_concepts.html#sec:Label_Provider">15.1.1.1. Label Provider</a></li>
<li><a href="ui_concepts.html#sec:Markers">15.1.1.2. Markers</a></li>
<li><a href="ui_concepts.html#sec:Commands__Toolbar_and_Menus">15.1.1.3. Commands, Toolbar and Menus</a></li>
<li><a href="ui_concepts.html#sec:Content_Assist">15.1.1.4. Content Assist</a></li>
<li><a href="ui_concepts.html#sec:Quick_Fixes">15.1.1.5. Quick Fixes</a></li>
<li><a href="ui_concepts.html#sec:Quick_Assist">15.1.1.6. Quick Assist</a></li>
<li><a href="ui_concepts.html#sec:Clean_Up_Actions">15.1.1.7. Clean Up Actions</a></li>
<li><a href="ui_concepts.html#sec:Save_Actions">15.1.1.8. Save Actions</a></li>
<li><a href="ui_concepts.html#sec:Auto_Edit">15.1.1.9. Auto Edit</a></li>
<li><a href="ui_concepts.html#sec:Template_Proposals">15.1.1.10. Template Proposals</a></li>
<li><a href="ui_concepts.html#sec:Outline_View___Quick_Outline">15.1.1.11. Outline View / Quick Outline</a></li>
<li><a href="ui_concepts.html#sec:Navigator__Package_Explorer__Project_Explorer">15.1.1.12. Navigator, Package Explorer, Project Explorer</a></li>
<li><a href="ui_concepts.html#sec:Hyperlinking_and_Navigation">15.1.1.13. Hyperlinking and Navigation</a></li>
<li><a href="ui_concepts.html#sec:Syntax_and_Semantic_Coloring">15.1.1.14. Syntax and Semantic Coloring</a></li>
<li><a href="ui_concepts.html#sec:Code_Formatter">15.1.1.15. Code Formatter</a></li>
<li><a href="ui_concepts.html#sec:Wizards">15.1.1.16. Wizards</a></li>
<li><a href="ui_concepts.html#sec:Cheat_Sheets">15.1.1.17. Cheat Sheets</a></li>
<li><a href="ui_concepts.html#sec:Context_sensitive_Help">15.1.1.18. Context-sensitive Help</a></li>
<li><a href="ui_concepts.html#sec:Hovers">15.1.1.19. Hovers</a></li>
<li><a href="ui_concepts.html#sec:Folding">15.1.1.20. Folding</a></li>
<li><a href="ui_concepts.html#sec:Customizable_validation___severity">15.1.1.21. Customizable validation / severity</a></li>
<li><a href="ui_concepts.html#sec:Proposals">15.1.1.22. Proposals</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><a href="ui_concepts.html#sec:Non_Eclipse_UI_Concepts">15.1.2. Non-Eclipse UI Concepts</a>
<ul class="sectlevel4">
<li><a href="ui_concepts.html#sec:Overlays">15.1.2.1. Overlays</a></li>
<li><a href="ui_concepts.html#sec:Goto__Inferred__Type">15.1.2.2. Goto (Inferred) Type</a></li>
<li><a href="ui_concepts.html#sec:Postfix_Completion">15.1.2.3. Postfix Completion</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><a href="ui_concepts.html#_user-interface-resources">15.2. User Interface Resources</a>
<ul class="sectlevel3">
<li><a href="ui_concepts.html#_icons">15.2.1. Icons</a>
<ul class="sectlevel4">
<li><a href="ui_concepts.html#_eclipse-platform-icons">15.2.1.1. Eclipse Platform Icons</a></li>
<li><a href="ui_concepts.html#_n4js-specific-icons">15.2.1.2. N4JS Specific Icons</a></li>
<li><a href="ui_concepts.html#_high-resolution-icons">15.2.1.3. High Resolution Icons</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><a href="formatting.html#_formatting">16. Formatting</a>
<ul class="sectlevel2">
<li><a href="formatting.html#sec:FmtObjective">16.1. Objective</a>
<ul class="sectlevel3">
<li><a href="formatting.html#sec:FmtFormatting_Comments">16.1.1. Formatting Comments</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><a href="formatting.html#sec:FmtArchitecture">16.2. Architecture</a>
<ul class="sectlevel3">
<li><a href="formatting.html#sec:Implementation_example">16.2.1. Implementation example</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><a href="formatting.html#sec:FmtFormatter_Implementation_Guidelines">16.3. Formatter Implementation Guidelines</a></li>
<li><a href="formatting.html#sec:FmtConfiguration">16.4. Configuration</a></li>
<li><a href="formatting.html#sec:FmtUI_Integration">16.5. UI Integration</a></li>
<li><a href="formatting.html#sec:FmtUnit_Testing_with_Xpect">16.6. Unit Testing with Xpect</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><a href="external_libraries.html#_external-libraries">17. External Libraries</a>
<ul class="sectlevel2">
<li><a href="external_libraries.html#sec:Major_Components">17.1. Major Components</a>
<ul class="sectlevel3">
<li><a href="external_libraries.html#subsec:External_Resources">17.1.1. External Resources</a></li>
<li><a href="external_libraries.html#subsec:External_Library_Workspace">17.1.2. External Library Workspace</a></li>
<li><a href="external_libraries.html#subsec:External_Library_Preference_Store">17.1.3. External Library Preference Store</a></li>
<li><a href="external_libraries.html#subsec:npm_Manager">17.1.4. Library Manager</a></li>
<li><a href="external_libraries.html#subsec:External_Library_Builder_Helper">17.1.5. External Library Builder</a></li>
<li><a href="external_libraries.html#subsec:External_Library_Xtext_Index_Persister">17.1.6. External Library Xtext Index Persister</a></li>
<li><a href="external_libraries.html#subsec:External_Library_Preference_Page">17.1.7. External Library Preference Page</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><a href="external_libraries.html#sec:Headless_External_Library_Support">17.2. Headless External Library Support</a>
<ul class="sectlevel3">
<li><a href="external_libraries.html#_custom-npm-settings">17.2.1. Custom npm settings</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><a href="external_libraries.html#sec:lmFutureWork">17.3. Future Work</a>
<ul class="sectlevel3">
<li><a href="external_libraries.html#subsec:lmMultipleDependencyScope">17.3.1. Multiple Dependency Scope</a></li>
<li><a href="external_libraries.html#subsec:lmRunTestsFromLibrary">17.3.2. Run Tests from TestLibrary</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><a href="json_support.html#sec:JSON_Support">18. JSON Support</a>
<ul class="sectlevel2">
<li><a href="json_support.html#sec:JSON_Parser">18.1. JSON Parser</a>
<ul class="sectlevel3">
<li><a href="json_support.html#sec:JSON_Parser_Unicode_Escaping">18.1.1. Escaping Unicode Control Characters in String Literals</a></li>
<li><a href="json_support.html#sec:JSON_Parser_Empty_Text">18.1.2. Empty Text</a></li>
<li><a href="json_support.html#sec:JSON_Parser_Nested_Structures">18.1.3. Nested Structures</a></li>
<li><a href="json_support.html#sec:JSON_Parser_Whitespace">18.1.4. Whitespace</a></li>
<li><a href="json_support.html#sec:JSON_Parser_Comments">18.1.5. Comments</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><a href="json_support.html#sec:JSON_Language_Extensions">18.2. JSON Language Extensions</a>
<ul class="sectlevel3">
<li><a href="json_support.html#sec:JSON_Validator_Extensions">18.2.1. JSON Validator Extensions</a>
<ul class="sectlevel4">
<li><a href="json_support.html#sec:File_Specitic_Validator_Extensions">18.2.1.1. File-Specific Validator Extensions</a></li>
<li><a href="json_support.html#sec:JSON_Declarative_JSON_Validator_Extensions">18.2.1.2. Declarative JSON Validator Extensions</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><a href="json_support.html#_json-resource-description-strategy">18.2.2. JSON Resource Description Strategy</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><a href="jsdoc.html#_jsdoc">19. JSDoc</a>
<ul class="sectlevel2">
<li><a href="jsdoc.html#sec:Design_Rationale">19.1. Design Rationale</a>
<ul class="sectlevel3">
<li><a href="jsdoc.html#_general-design">19.1.1. General Design</a></li>
<li><a href="jsdoc.html#sec:Type_Expressions">19.1.2. Type Expressions</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><a href="docexporter.html#_docexporter">20. DocExporter</a>
<ul class="sectlevel2">
<li><a href="docexporter.html#sec:Specification_Exporter">20.1. Specification Exporter</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><a href="rename_refactoring.html#_rename-refactoring">21. Rename Refactoring</a>
<ul class="sectlevel2">
<li><a href="rename_refactoring.html#_rename-refactoring-ui-interaction">21.1. Rename Refactoring UI interaction</a></li>
<li><a href="rename_refactoring.html#_renameelementprocessor-interaction">21.2. RenameElementProcessor interaction</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><a href="flow_graphs.html#chap:flowgraphs">22. Flow Graphs</a>
<ul class="sectlevel2">
<li><a href="flow_graphs.html#sec:flowgraphs_overview">22.1. Flow graphs overview</a>
<ul class="sectlevel3">
<li><a href="flow_graphs.html#_internal-graph">22.1.1. Internal graph</a></li>
<li><a href="flow_graphs.html#_optimizations">22.1.2. Optimizations</a></li>
<li><a href="flow_graphs.html#_api-for-client-analyses">22.1.3. API for client analyses</a>
<ul class="sectlevel4">
<li><a href="flow_graphs.html#_mapping-from-internal-to-ast-elements">22.1.3.1. Mapping from internal to AST elements</a></li>
<li><a href="flow_graphs.html#_graph-visitor">22.1.3.2. Graph visitor</a></li>
<li><a href="flow_graphs.html#_graph-explorer">22.1.3.3. Graph explorer</a></li>
<li><a href="flow_graphs.html#_branch-walker">22.1.3.4. Branch walker</a></li>
<li><a href="flow_graphs.html#_example-1-compute-string-for-each-path">22.1.3.5. Example 1: Compute string for each path</a></li>
<li><a href="flow_graphs.html#_path-quantor">22.1.3.6. Path quantor</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><a href="flow_graphs.html#_control-flow-analyses">22.1.4. Control flow analyses</a>
<ul class="sectlevel4">
<li><a href="flow_graphs.html#_dead-code-analysis">22.1.4.1. Dead code analysis</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><a href="flow_graphs.html#sec:dataflow">22.2. Dataflow</a>
<ul class="sectlevel3">
<li><a href="flow_graphs.html#_dataflow-graph">22.2.1. Dataflow graph</a></li>
<li><a href="flow_graphs.html#_dataflow-analyses">22.2.2. Dataflow analyses</a>
<ul class="sectlevel4">
<li><a href="flow_graphs.html#_def-def-def-nothing-analysis">22.2.2.1. Def&#8594;Def / Def&#8594;Nothing analysis</a></li>
<li><a href="flow_graphs.html#_def-use-decl-analysis">22.2.2.2. Def|Use&#8592;Decl analysis</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><a href="publish_npms.html#sec:publish-npms-to-public">23. Publish npms</a>
<ul class="sectlevel2">
<li><a href="publish_npms.html#sec:publish-npms-n4js-maven">23.1. Publish n4js-libs to during  maven build</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><a href="appendix_a_hints.html#sec:Hints">Appendix A: Hints</a>
<ul class="sectlevel2">
<li><a href="appendix_a_hints.html#sec:XtextInjection">A.1. Xtext Injection</a>
<ul class="sectlevel3">
<li><a href="appendix_a_hints.html#sec:DI_MultipleInjectors_Singletons">A.1.1. Multiple Injectors and Singletons</a>
<ul class="sectlevel4">
<li><a href="appendix_a_hints.html#sec:DI_avoid_duplicate_singletons">A.1.1.1. Avoiding duplicate singletons</a>
<ul class="sectlevel5">
<li><a href="appendix_a_hints.html#sec:DI_binding_in_shared">A.1.1.1.1. Defining binding in the shared injector</a></li>
<li><a href="appendix_a_hints.html#sec:DI_binding_in_custom">A.1.1.1.2. Defining binding in the custom injector</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><a href="appendix_a_hints.html#sec:DI_Hints">A.1.2. Dependency Injection Hints</a>
<ul class="sectlevel4">
<li><a href="appendix_a_hints.html#sec:DI_custom_bundle">A.1.2.1. Use DI in custom bundle, use DI with extensions</a>
<ul class="sectlevel5">
<li><a href="appendix_a_hints.html#sec:DI_custom_bundle_problem">A.1.2.1.1. Problem</a></li>
<li><a href="appendix_a_hints.html#sec:DI_custom_bundle_solution">A.1.2.1.2. Solution</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><a href="appendix_a_hints.html#sec:Access_Other_DSL_Injector">A.1.2.2. How do I get the Guice Injector of my language?</a>
<ul class="sectlevel5">
<li><a href="appendix_a_hints.html#sec:DSL_Injector_UI_context">A.1.2.2.1. UI context</a></li>
<li><a href="appendix_a_hints.html#sec:DSL_Injector_Non_UI_context">A.1.2.2.2. Non UI context but with injection context</a></li>
<li><a href="appendix_a_hints.html#sec:DSL_Injector_Non_UI_non_injection_context">A.1.2.2.3. Non UI context without injection context</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><a href="appendix_a_hints.html#sec:Cancel_Indicator">A.1.2.3. How do I get cancel indicators in different contexts?</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><a href="appendix_a_hints.html#sec:Eclipse">A.2. Eclipse</a>
<ul class="sectlevel3">
<li><a href="appendix_a_hints.html#sec:Show_Xtext_Index">A.2.1. Show the current Xtext index</a></li>
<li><a href="appendix_a_hints.html#sec:Plugin_spy">A.2.2. Plug-in spy</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><a href="appendix_a_hints.html#sec:Maven-hints">A.3. Maven</a>
<ul class="sectlevel3">
<li><a href="appendix_a_hints.html#how-to-check-for-maven-mojo-updates">A.3.1. How to check for Maven MOJO updates</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><a href="appendix_b_module_loading.html#_module-loading">Appendix B: Module Loading</a>
<ul class="sectlevel2">
<li><a href="appendix_b_module_loading.html#sec:Dependency_Management">B.1. Dependency Management</a></li>
<li><a href="appendix_b_module_loading.html#ecmascript-modules">B.2. ECMAScript Modules</a>
<ul class="sectlevel3">
<li><a href="appendix_b_module_loading.html#sec:ES5_Modules_Systems">B.2.1. ES5 Modules Systems</a></li>
<li><a href="appendix_b_module_loading.html#sec:ES6_Modules">B.2.2. ES6 Modules</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><a href="appendix_b_module_loading.html#sec:ECMAScript_Module_Loaders">B.3. ECMAScript Module Loaders</a>
<ul class="sectlevel3">
<li><a href="appendix_b_module_loading.html#sec:ES6_Module_Loaders">B.3.1. ES6 Module Loaders</a></li>
<li><a href="appendix_b_module_loading.html#sec:Polyfills_for_ES6_Module_Loaders">B.3.2. Polyfills for ES6 Module Loaders</a>
<ul class="sectlevel4">
<li><a href="appendix_b_module_loading.html#sec:es6_module_loader">B.3.2.1. es6-module-loader</a></li>
<li><a href="appendix_b_module_loading.html#sec:SystemJS">B.3.2.2. SystemJS</a></li>
<li><a href="appendix_b_module_loading.html#sec:Demo">B.3.2.3. Demo</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><a href="appendix_b_module_loading.html#case-study-typescript">B.4. Case Study : TypeScript</a>
<ul class="sectlevel3">
<li><a href="appendix_b_module_loading.html#sec:ES6_Modules_Support">B.4.1. ES6 Modules Support</a></li>
<li><a href="appendix_b_module_loading.html#sec:TypeScript_and_Module_Loading">B.4.2. TypeScript and Module Loading</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><a href="appendix_b_module_loading.html#sec:Cyclic_Dependencies">B.5. Cyclic Dependencies</a>
<ul class="sectlevel3">
<li><a href="appendix_b_module_loading.html#sec:Setup">B.5.1. Setup</a></li>
<li><a href="appendix_b_module_loading.html#sec:Transpile_and_Execute">B.5.2. Transpile and Execute</a>
<ul class="sectlevel4">
<li><a href="appendix_b_module_loading.html#sec:Module_Format___AMD">B.5.2.1. Module Format = AMD</a></li>
<li><a href="appendix_b_module_loading.html#sec:Module_Format___CommonJS">B.5.2.2. Module Format = CommonJS</a></li>
<li><a href="appendix_b_module_loading.html#sec:Module_Format___SystemJS">B.5.2.3. Module Format = SystemJS</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><a href="appendix_b_module_loading.html#sec:Conclusion">B.5.3. Conclusion</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><a href="appendix_b_module_loading.html#system.register-as-transpilation-target">B.6. System.register as transpilation target</a>
<ul class="sectlevel3">
<li><a href="appendix_b_module_loading.html#sec:Introduction">B.6.1. Introduction</a>
<ul class="sectlevel4">
<li><a href="appendix_b_module_loading.html#sec:External_Transpilers">B.6.1.1. External Transpilers</a></li>
<li><a href="appendix_b_module_loading.html#sec:Example_of_a_System_register_module">B.6.1.2. Example of a System.register module</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><a href="appendix_b_module_loading.html#sec:Structure_of_a_System_register_module">B.6.2. Structure of a System.register module</a></li>
<li><a href="appendix_b_module_loading.html#_transpilation-hints">B.6.3. Transpilation Hints</a>
<ul class="sectlevel4">
<li><a href="appendix_b_module_loading.html#sec:Handling_Imports">B.6.3.1. Handling Imports</a></li>
<li><a href="appendix_b_module_loading.html#sec:__exportFn__">B.6.3.2. &lt;&lt;exportFn&gt;&gt;</a></li>
<li><a href="appendix_b_module_loading.html#sec:Handling_Exports">B.6.3.3. Handling Exports</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><a href="appendix_b_module_loading.html#sec:Examples_w__Circular_Dependencies">B.6.4. Examples w/ Circular Dependencies</a></li>
<li><a href="appendix_b_module_loading.html#sec:N4JS_Examples_w__Circular_Dependencies">B.6.5. N4JS Examples w/ Circular Dependencies</a>
<ul class="sectlevel4">
<li><a href="appendix_b_module_loading.html#sec:Unresolved_Cyclic_Dependencies">B.6.5.1. Unresolved Cyclic Dependencies</a></li>
<li><a href="appendix_b_module_loading.html#sec:Variables___Functions">B.6.5.2. Examples with Variables &amp; Functions</a></li>
<li><a href="appendix_b_module_loading.html#sec:Classes">B.6.5.3. Examples with Classes</a></li>
<li><a href="appendix_b_module_loading.html#sec:Examples_with_SubClassing">B.6.5.4. Examples with SubClassing</a></li>
<li><a href="appendix_b_module_loading.html#sec:Miscellaneous">B.6.5.5. Miscellaneous</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><a href="appendix_b_module_loading.html#_resources">B.6.6. Resources</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><a href="appendix_b_module_loading.html#sec:CommonJS_as_transpilation_target">B.7. CommonJS as transpilation target</a>
<ul class="sectlevel3">
<li><a href="appendix_b_module_loading.html#_introduction-2">B.7.1. Introduction</a></li>
<li><a href="appendix_b_module_loading.html#sec:Transpilation_Hints">B.7.2. Transpilation Hints</a>
<ul class="sectlevel4">
<li><a href="appendix_b_module_loading.html#sec:Import_Statements">B.7.2.1. Import Statements</a></li>
<li><a href="appendix_b_module_loading.html#sec:Export_Statements">B.7.2.2. Export Statements</a></li>
<li><a href="appendix_b_module_loading.html#sec:Tracking_Live_Bindings">B.7.2.3. Tracking Live Bindings</a></li>
<li><a href="appendix_b_module_loading.html#sec:A_complete_example">B.7.2.4. A complete example</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><a href="appendix_b_module_loading.html#_resources-2">B.7.3. Resources</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><a href="appendix_c_license.html#sec:License">Appendix C: License</a></li>
<li><a href="appendix_d_acronyms.html#sec:Acronyms">Appendix D: Acronyms</a></li>
<li><a href="#_bibliography-and-footnotes">Appendix E: Bibliography and Footnotes</a></li>
</ul>
</div>
</div>
<div id="content"><div class="sect1">
<h2 id="_bibliography-and-footnotes"><a class="anchor" href="#_bibliography-and-footnotes"></a><a class="link" href="#_bibliography-and-footnotes">Appendix E: Bibliography and Footnotes</a></h2>
<div class="sectionbody">
<div class="openblock bibliography">
<div class="content">
<div class="paragraph">
<p><a id="N4JSSpec"></a>N4JS Project. (2018). <em>N4JS Language Specification</em>. Retrieved from <a href="https://www.eclipse.org/n4js/spec/N4JSSpec.html" class="bare">https://www.eclipse.org/n4js/spec/N4JSSpec.html</a></p>
</div>
<div class="paragraph">
<p><a id="Xpect"></a><em>Xpect, Project Website</em>. Retrieved from <a href="https://projects.eclipse.org/projects/modeling.xpect" class="bare">https://projects.eclipse.org/projects/modeling.xpect</a></p>
</div>
<div class="paragraph">
<p><a id="RFC8259"></a>Bray, Tim. (2017). <em>RFC 8259: The javascript object notation (json) data interchange format</em>. </p>
</div>
<div class="paragraph">
<p><a id="ECMA404"></a>International, ECMA. (2017). <em>Standard ECMA-404, The JSON Data Interchange Syntax</em>. </p>
</div>
<div class="paragraph">
<p><a id="RFC7158"></a>Bray, Tim. (2014). <em>RFC 7158: The JavaScript Object Notation ({JSON}) Data Interchange Format</em>. </p>
</div>
<div class="paragraph">
<p><a id="Ser18"></a>Seriot, Nicolas. (2018). <em>Parsing JSON is a Minefield</em>. Retrieved from <a href="http://seriot.ch/parsing_json.php" class="bare">http://seriot.ch/parsing_json.php</a></p>
</div>
<div class="paragraph">
<p><a id="ECMA15a"></a>ECMA. (2015). <em>ECMAScript 2015 Language Specification</em>. Retrieved from <a href="http://www.ecma-international.org/publications/files/ECMA-ST/Ecma-262.pdf" class="bare">http://www.ecma-international.org/publications/files/ECMA-ST/Ecma-262.pdf</a></p>
</div>
<div class="paragraph">
<p><a id="WhatWGLoader"></a>WhatWG. <em>Loader: A Collection of Interesting Ideas</em>. Retrieved from <a href="http://whatwg.github.io/loader/" class="bare">http://whatwg.github.io/loader/</a></p>
</div>
</div>
</div>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<div id="footnotes">
<hr>
<div class="footnote" id="_footnote_1">
<a href="type_system.html#_footnoteref_1">1</a>. This is not yet implemented as of September 2015; types are still stored in a separate cache, the <code>ASTMetaInfoCache</code>.
</div>
<div class="footnote" id="_footnote_2">
<a href="type_system.html#_footnoteref_2">2</a>. In the future, the top-down order could become more important if inference of <em>expected</em> types is also integrated into post-processing.
</div>
<div class="footnote" id="_footnote_3">
<a href="type_index.html#_footnoteref_3">3</a>. The <code class="language-n4js">DeferredTypeRef</code> has replaced the old <code class="language-n4js">ComputedTypeRef</code> that had been used until Summer 2015; those were resolved lazily when the type was actually needed (triggered on demand). For a discussion of this change see <a href="type_system.html#sec:Type_Inference_combined_with_AST_Traversal__Background">Background</a> and in particular <a href="type_system.html#tab:typeInferenceBeforeAfter">Comparison of inference of type of AST nodes before / after refactoring.</a>.
</div>
<div class="footnote" id="_footnote_4">
<a href="type_index.html#_footnoteref_4">4</a>. First, according to the build order.
</div>
<div class="footnote" id="_footnote_5">
<a href="type_index.html#_footnoteref_5">5</a>. These are not really input values but rather values changed during the following invocation of the IBuilderState that need to be carried over from one invocation to the next.
</div>
<div class="footnote" id="_footnote_6">
<a href="type_index.html#_footnoteref_6">6</a>. Once the build phase has ended, this copied and modified Xtext index will replace the actual state of the builder state and will be persisted on graceful application shutdown.
</div>
<div class="footnote" id="_footnote_7">
<a href="type_index.html#_footnoteref_7">7</a>. This set of URIs will contain the URIs of all resources that are available in the copied Xtext index but not yet directly processed by the builder in the current build phase. These URIs will later be used as candidates for all resources that might be marked as affected ones and queued by the builder for forthcoming build phases.
</div>
<div class="footnote" id="_footnote_8">
<a href="type_index.html#_footnoteref_8">8</a>. This set eventually represents all changes that were made during the current build phase. Note that <code>allChanges</code> might contain resource description deltas that do not represent an actual change, it is processed by the builder but the underlying information stored in the user data is still unchanged.
</div>
<div class="footnote" id="_footnote_9">
<a href="type_index.html#_footnoteref_9">9</a>. Note that deltas for to-be-deleted resources were already added to <code>allDeltas</code> upfront in step <a href="type_index.html#itm:processDeleted">Process Deleted</a>.
</div>
<div class="footnote" id="_footnote_10">
<a href="type_index.html#_footnoteref_10">10</a>. This happens through a call to <code class="language-n4js">CurrentDescriptions#register(Delta)</code>
</div>
<div class="footnote" id="_footnote_11">
<a href="type_index.html#_footnoteref_11">11</a>. Unlike in step <a href="type_index.html#itm:enqueueAffectedResources">Enqueue Affected Resources</a>, we now use <code>changedDeltas</code> instead of <code>allDeltas</code> as a basis.
</div>
<div class="footnote" id="_footnote_12">
<a href="references.html#_footnoteref_12">12</a>. One could think of an optimization to only register those types that are not just imported or declared, but whose features are really in use. E.g., in one file another type be imported (and even used as type of variable), but non of its member is used. So changes to these members wouldn’t affect the current resources. However this might miss certain cases. E.g., when a method in the super class is removed and now the method with same signature of a consumed role would be used. The method of the role has no been used before, yet must not be ignored. Thus, currently all super classes, roles and interfaces and referenced classes are added as dependency regardless if their members are called.
</div>
<div class="footnote" id="_footnote_13">
<a href="compilation.html#_footnoteref_13">13</a>. <a href="https://developer.apple.com/library/mac/documentation/Carbon/Reference/WebKit_JavaScriptCore_Ref/_index.html" class="bare">https://developer.apple.com/library/mac/documentation/Carbon/Reference/WebKit_JavaScriptCore_Ref/_index.html</a>
</div>
<div class="footnote" id="_footnote_14">
<a href="compilation.html#_footnoteref_14">14</a>. but note that most utility methods obtain the transpiler state automatically; so, most of the time, you won’t need to obtain the state yourself.
</div>
<div class="footnote" id="_footnote_15">
<a href="tests.html#_footnoteref_15">15</a>. Currently we use our own fork of Xpect <a href="https://github.com/NumberFour/Xpect" class="bare">https://github.com/NumberFour/Xpect</a> and the respective p2-repository <a href="https://numberfour.github.io/Xpect/updatesite/nightly/" class="bare">https://numberfour.github.io/Xpect/updatesite/nightly/</a>
</div>
<div class="footnote" id="_footnote_16">
<a href="formatting.html#_footnoteref_16">16</a>. version at the time of writing is Xtext 2.12
</div>
<div class="footnote" id="_footnote_17">
<a href="formatting.html#_footnoteref_17">17</a>. <a href="https://github.com/eclipse/xtext-core/issues/12" class="bare">https://github.com/eclipse/xtext-core/issues/12</a>
</div>
<div class="footnote" id="_footnote_18">
<a href="external_libraries.html#_footnoteref_18">18</a>. Calculates a list of external library projects that have to be build and another list of projects that have to be cleaned.
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